Tuesday, 14 April 2020
ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES MEANINGS IN 2020
·
The period of
4 years between the Olympic games was called Olympiad.
·
In the
spectator’s gallery of Olympic games and participation in games was prohibited
for women.
· Altis: grove
Friday, 10 April 2020
ANCIENT OLYMPIC GAMES
ANCIENT OLYMPIC
INTRODUCTION:-
In this chapter, we are going to discuss about one type of
The Olympic games. We have two types of Olympic games-1. Ancient Olympic games,
2. Modern Olympic game. Also we will discuss on brief history of Olympics.
Ancient Olympic games:-
The beginning of the first Olympic Games in 776 BC has been
found in writing. ancient Olympic events Which were held in every 4
year. The Greeks loved sports and treated them as the part of the religion. A
kingdom named Elis in the north- west of Peloponnese of ancient Greece had a place
called Olympia in a holy valley of Sacred of Altis. Near the town of Olympia, there was a
mountain called Mount Olympus, Greek mythology describe it as adobe of 12 Gods.
River Alfeios and Kladeos were following near the Alis state. This part of
Greece called Peloponnese. Because of these places the name of great sport festival was became
Olympic.
The Olympic game lasted for months and thousands of
people gathered to enjoy games. Olympic games were held only for men. Women
could not participate nor could they see
it as philosophy and these rules were strictly followed. As a result, high ethical attitude towards
the games. The game was launched by the Olympic Oath.
Players and judges took
oath in front of jesus temple, swear I
would follow game rules and pray for
fair. All prayed for his personal success and success of his games. The method
of jesius throughout the duration of games used to keep a sacred torch burning
on the statue.
Elis the city had numerous collection of money stores and
innumerable religious structure. One of the most beautiful of the important
Olympian right in the middle of which was the statue of jesus. This statue was
one of the seven wonders of the world. Elephant-teeth proof: looking at this huge
statue of gold ornaments and veils, at seemed as if the Greek deity was seated
on its throne. During that period, Greece had many little city states which
were fighting among themselves. But the struggle quit during the days of
Olympic games. They played back to the games. All the participants remained
secure. This system was called Olympic Truce. Ancient Olympic pentathlon
Thiodosius 1 even Roman rulers took havoc on
the Olympic games after banned. Thiodosius 2 in 426 AD issued the order to
demolish the Olympic stadium itself. Apart from the Roman rulers, nature also
played on the lively and fitting process of the Olympic games. Even Rome rulers had ruined the holy city Olympia of Greece. The terrible quale that came after periods had
completely wasted it.
Monday, 6 April 2020
ANGLE MODULATION WITH DEFINITION IN 2020
ANGLE MODULATION, TYPES OF ANGLE MODULATION, GENERATION OF FM AND PM MODULATION
Introduction:
In this chapter, we are going to discuss about one type of modulation and that is angle modulation. In this we will discuss angle modulation with definition in 2020, types of angle modulation and GENERATION OF FM AND PM MODULATION.
Angle Modulation:
The another method of modulating a sinusoidal carrier namely
the angle modulation. In this, either frequency or phase of the carrier is
varied according to the message signal, and amplitude is constant.
Angle modulation may be defined as the process in
which the total phase angle of a carrier wave is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of the modulating or message signal while keeping the
amplitude of the carrier constant.
Types of angle modulation:
Th There are two types of angle modulation.
i.
Phase Modulation (PM)
ii.
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Phase Modulation:
Phase modulation is that type of angle modulation in which the phase angle Ⴔ is varied linearly with a baseband or modulating signal about an unmodulated phase angle. This means that in phase modulation , the instantaneous value of the phase angle is equal to the phase angle of the unmodulated carrier plus time varying component which is proportional to the modulating signal.
Mathematical Representation:
Frequency Modulation:
Frequency modulation id that type of angle modulation in which the instantaneous frequency is varied linearly with a message or baseband signal about an unmodulated carrier frequency. This means that the instantaneous value of the angular frequency will be equal to the carrier frequency plus a time varying component proportional to the baseband signal.
Mathematical Representation:
Relationship between FM and PM:
Generation of PM using Phase Modulator:
Generation of PM using Frequency Modulator:
Sinusoidal Frequency Modulation:
·
In this frequency of
carrier is varied and amplitude remains constant.
·
Information is carried
through frequency change.
·
More assistant to noise
than AM.
·
The amount at which carrier
frequency varied is called deviation.
·
Deviation is proportional
to the instantaneous value of modulating voltage.
·
The rate at which frequency
variation takes place is equal to modulating frequency.
Sinusoidal Phase Modulation:
·
Similar to FM.
·
Phase is varied instead of
frequency.
Single Tone Frequency Modulation:
Advantages Of Angle Modulation:
noise reduction, improved system identity, more efficient use of power.
Disadvantages:
increased bandwidth, use of non complex circuits.
Applications:
> Radio broadcasting
> TV sound transmission
>Microwave communication
> Satellite communication
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TO KNOW ABOUT COMMUNICATION SYSTEM VISIT THIS LINK.
Saturday, 29 February 2020
IMPORTANT SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS WITH DEFINITION SIGNAL IN INDIA
IMPORTANT SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS WITH DEFINITION SIGNAL IN INDIA
Introduction:
Now, we are going to discuss about the important signals and systems with definition signal in in India. Basically we will discuss that what is signal, type of signals with example and systems. Also we will study the unit step, unit ramp and unit impulse functions.
What is Signal:
A signal is defined as a physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other independent variable. The signal may depend on one or more independent variables. If a signal depends only one variable, then it is known as one dimensional signal. For example, ac power supply signal, speech signal.
Signal Modeling:
The representation of a signal by mathematical expression is known as signal modelling. If a signal can be represented by mathematical equation then the signal is said to be deterministic signal. Otherwise the signal is known as random signal.
Continuous-time signal:
The signals that are defined for every instant of time are known as continuous-time signal. They are denoted by x(t).a continuous-time signal is also called an analog signal.
Discrete-time signal:
The signals that are defined at discrete instant of time are known as discrete-time signals. The discrete-time signals are continuous in amplitude and discrete in time. They are denoted by x(n)
.
Digital signals:
The signals that are discrete in time and quantized in amplitude are digital signals.
Unit step function:
The unit step function is defined as
u(k) = 1 for k ≥ 0
= 0 for k < 0
and is shown in fig
Ramp function:
The unit ramp function is defined as
r(t) = t for t ≥ 0
unit impulse function:
The unit impulse function occupies an important place in signal analysis. It is defined asꙎ(t) = 0 for t ≠ 0
Rectangular pulse function:
The rectangular function is defined asΠ(t) = for ןtן ≤ 0
Sinusoidal signal:
A continuous time signal is given by X(t) = A sin(Ὠt + Ⴔ)Where A is the amplitude, Ὠ is the frequency in radians per second and Ⴔ is the phase angle in radians.
Periodic and aperiodic signals:
A continuous time signal x(t) is said to be
periodic if it satisfies the conditionX(t + T) = x(t) for all
t
The smallest value of T that satisfies the
above condition is known as fundamental period. A signal is aperiodic if the condition is not
satisfied for atleast one value of t.
Even and odd signals:
A continuous time signal is said to be
symmetric (even) if it satisfies the condition
X(-t) = x(t)
for all t
Example of a even signal is a cos signal.A continuous time signal x(t) is said to be
anti- symmetric (odd) signal if it satisfies the condition
X(-t) = -x(t) for all
t
Example of a odd signal is a sin signal.
Conclusion:
So, here we discussed all about the signals with the help of diagrams. Also we covered important signal and systems with definition in India. Mainly, we will discuss about the sysyems in the next class.
If you have any question regarding the topic please write it down in the comment section.
if u want to know all about transformer then click here ↓
Saturday, 22 February 2020
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER
Construction and working principle of transformer
Introduction:
Here we are going to discuss about the construction and
working of transformer. Transformer is a machine that
1. 1 Transfers electrical energy
from one electric circuit to another.
2. 2 Does so without a change of
frequency.
3. 3 Does so by the principle of
electromagnetic induction.
4. 4 Has electric circuits that
are linked a common magnetic circuit.
Step up Transformer:
When the transformer raises the voltage i.e. when the output voltage of a transformer is higher than its input voltage, it is called the step up transformer.
Step down Transformer:
When the output voltage is lower than the input voltage, it is called step down transformer.
Operating Principle:
An elementary transformer consists of a soft iron or silicon steel core and two windings placed on it. The windings are insulated from both the core and each other. The core is built up of thin soft iron or silicon steel laminations to provide a path of low reluctance to the magnetic flux. the winding connected to the supply is called the primary winding and the winding connected to the load circuit is called the secondary winding.
Ideal Transformer:
1. 1 No windings resistance i.e. the primary and
secondary windings have zero resistance. It means that there is no ohmic power
loss and no resistive voltage drop in an ideal transformer.
2. 2 No magnetic leakage i.e.
there is no leakage flux set up is confined to the core and links both the windings.
3. 3 No iron loss i.e.
hysteresis and eddy current losses in transformer core are zero.
EMF equation:
Voltage and Current Transformation ratios:
Transformer on no load:
When the primary of a transformer is connected to the source of ac supply and the secondary is open, the transformer is said to be at no load.
Transformer on load:
When the secondary circuit of a transformer is completed through an impedance or load, the transformer is said to be loaded and current flows through the secondary and the load.
Equivalent circuit of a Transformer:
The equivalent circuit of any device can be quite helpful in predetermination of the behaviour of the device under various conditions of operation and it can be drawn if the equations describing its behaviour are known.
Transformer on DC:
A transformer cannot operate on dc supply and never be connected to a dc source. If a rated dc voltage is applied to the primary of a transformer, the flux produced in the transformer core will not vary but remain constant in magnitude and, therefore, no emf will be induced in the secondary winding except at the moment of switching on.
conclusion:
so here we discussed about the construction and working of transformer. Also we discussed about equivalent circuit of transformer.
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if you can know about the modulation then visit to the given link
Tuesday, 18 February 2020
NEED OF MODULATION IN ANALOG COMMUNICATION IN 2020
NEED OF MODULATION IN ANALOG COMMUNICATION IN 2020
C0MMUNICATION SYSTEM, BASE BAND AND BAND PASS SIGNALS, MODULATION
Introduction:
In this topic we will discuss about the communication system, baseband and bandpass signals, modulation and need of modulation. Mostly, we will discuss on the topic modulation.
Communication System:
Communication is simply basic process of exchanging information. The electronic equipment which are used for communication purpose are called communication equipment. The typical example of communication system are line telephoning, radio broadcasting, radio telephoning, point to point communication.
The Communication process:
Information source:
We know that a communication system servers to communicate a message or information. This information originate in the information source. In short the function of information required message which has to be transmitted.
Input transducer:
The input transducer convert the information to be transmitted to its electrical signals.
Transmitter:
The function of the transmitter is to process the electrical signal from different aspect.
Channel And Noise:
The term channel means the medium through which the message
travel from the transmitter to the receiver. 2 Types of channel namely : point
to point And broadcast.
Point to Point : Microwaves Links , Optical fibre ,
wirelines.
Broadcast : By Satellites.
Noise:
Noise is unwanted signals which tends to interface with the required signal.
Receiver:
The main function of receiver is to reproduce the message signal in electrical from the distorted received signal.
Output Transducer:
Output transducer covert electrical signal to a form message required by user.
Baseband Signal:
Ø
All source of information
generate baseband signals.
Ø
Signals are transmitted
without modulation.
Ø
It’s frequency start from
zero.
Band Pass Signal:
Ø
Band Pass signal are
generated by the modulators in transmitter.
Ø
Band Pass signals are
transmitted after the modulation with carrier signal.
Ø
No limitations of bandwidth
and frequency depends on the carrier frequency.
MODULATION:
In modulation process two signals are used namely the
modulation signal and the carrier signal. The modulating signal is nothing but
the baseband signal or information signal. While the carrier is the high
frequency sinusoidal signal.
In the modulation process some parameters of the carrier is
varied in accordance with the modulating signals.
NEED OF MODULATION:
Avoid mixing of signals:
If a base band sound signal are transmitted without modulation by different transmitter then all signals will occupy the same frequency range and therefore the receiver can not separate them for each other. Hence each sound signal is modulated using a different carrier and will occupy different slots in frequency domain.
Increase in range of communication:
As low frequency signals cannot travel along distance therefore after the modulation process the modulated high frequency signals can travel along distance and will increase the range of communication.
Reduction in height of antenna:
For the transmission of radio signals, the antenna height must be multiple of λ/4 ,where λ is the wavelength . The antenna of this height is practically impossible to install . ... Thus, modulation reduces the height of the antenna .
Conclusion:
Here we discussed about the communication system, modulation and need of modulation. mostly we covered the basic of analog communication system.
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