IMPORTANT SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS WITH DEFINITION SIGNAL IN INDIA

IMPORTANT SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS WITH DEFINITION SIGNAL IN INDIA

Introduction:

Now, we are going to discuss about the important signals and systems with definition signal  in in India. Basically we will discuss that what is signal, type of signals with example and systems. Also we will study the unit step, unit ramp and unit impulse functions.

What is Signal:

A signal is defined as a physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other independent variable. The signal may depend on one or more independent variables. If a signal depends only one variable, then it is known as one dimensional signal. For example, ac power supply signal, speech signal.

Signal Modeling:

The representation of a signal by mathematical expression is known as signal modelling. If a signal can be represented by mathematical equation then the signal is said to be deterministic signal. Otherwise the signal is known as random signal.

Continuous-time signal:

The signals that are defined for every instant of time are known as continuous-time signal. They are denoted by x(t).a continuous-time signal is also called an analog signal.

Discrete-time signal:

The signals that are defined at discrete instant of time are known as discrete-time signals. The discrete-time signals are continuous in amplitude and discrete in time. They are denoted by x(n)

.

Digital signals:

The signals that are discrete in time and quantized in amplitude are digital signals. 

Unit step function:

The unit step function is defined as
u(k) = 1   for  k ≥ 0
        = 0   for k < 0
and is shown in fig

 Ramp function:

The unit ramp function is defined as
r(t) = t  for t ≥ 0
      = 0 for t < 0

unit impulse function:

The unit  impulse function occupies an important place in signal analysis. It is defined asꙎ(t) = 0  for t ≠ 0

Rectangular pulse function:

The rectangular function is defined asΠ(t) =   for ןtן ≤ 0
        = 0  otherwise

Sinusoidal signal:

A continuous time signal is given by               X(t) = A sin(Ὠt + Ⴔ)Where A is the amplitude, Ὠ is the frequency in radians per second and Ⴔ is the phase angle in radians.

Periodic and aperiodic signals:

A continuous time signal x(t) is said to be periodic if it satisfies the conditionX(t + T) = x(t)  for all  t
The smallest value of T that satisfies the above condition is known as fundamental period. A  signal is aperiodic if the condition is not satisfied for atleast one value of t.

Even and odd signals:

A continuous time signal is said to be symmetric (even) if it satisfies the condition
X(-t) = x(t)  for all  t
Example of a even signal is a cos signal.A continuous time signal x(t) is said to be anti- symmetric (odd) signal if it satisfies the condition
X(-t) = -x(t)   for all   t
Example of a odd signal is a sin signal.

Conclusion:

So, here we discussed  all about the signals  with the help of diagrams. Also we covered important signal and systems with definition in India. Mainly, we will discuss about the sysyems in the next class.

If you have any question regarding the topic please write it down in the comment section.

if u want to know all about transformer then click here ↓

construction and working principle of transformer

CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER

Construction and working principle of transformer

Introduction:

    Here we are going to discuss about the construction and working of transformer. Transformer is a machine that

1.  1    Transfers electrical energy from one electric circuit to another.
2.  2    Does so without a change of frequency.
3.   3   Does so by the principle of electromagnetic induction.
4.   4   Has electric circuits that are linked a common magnetic circuit.

Step up Transformer:

When the transformer raises the voltage i.e. when the output voltage of a transformer is higher than its input voltage, it is called the step up transformer.

Step down Transformer:

 When the output voltage is lower than the input voltage, it is called step down transformer.

Operating Principle:

An elementary transformer consists of a soft iron or silicon steel core and two windings placed on it. The windings are insulated from both the core and each other. The core is built up of thin soft iron or silicon steel laminations to provide a path of low reluctance to the magnetic flux. the winding connected to the supply is called the primary winding and the winding connected to the load circuit is called the secondary winding.

Ideal Transformer:

1.     1  No windings resistance i.e. the primary and secondary windings have zero resistance. It means that   there is no ohmic power loss and no resistive voltage drop in an ideal transformer.
2.   2   No magnetic leakage i.e. there is no leakage flux set up is confined to the core and links both the     windings.
3.   3   No iron loss i.e. hysteresis and eddy current losses in transformer core are zero.

EMF equation:

Voltage and Current Transformation ratios:

Transformer on no load:

When the primary of a transformer is connected to the source of ac supply and the secondary is open, the transformer is said to be at no load.

Transformer on load:

When the secondary circuit of a transformer is completed through an impedance or load, the transformer is said to be loaded and current flows through the secondary and the load.

Equivalent circuit of a Transformer:

The equivalent circuit of any device can be quite helpful in predetermination of the behaviour of the device under various conditions of operation and it can be drawn if the equations describing its behaviour are known.

Transformer on DC:

A transformer cannot operate on dc supply and never be connected to a dc source. If a rated dc voltage is applied to the primary of a transformer, the flux produced in the transformer core will not vary but remain constant in magnitude and, therefore, no emf will be induced in the secondary winding except at the moment of switching on.

conclusion:

so here we discussed about the construction and working of transformer. Also we discussed about equivalent circuit of transformer.

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if you can know about the modulation then visit to the given link

modulation, need of modulation

NEED OF MODULATION IN ANALOG COMMUNICATION IN 2020

NEED OF MODULATION IN ANALOG COMMUNICATION IN 2020

C0MMUNICATION  SYSTEM, BASE BAND AND BAND PASS SIGNALS, MODULATION

Introduction:

In this topic we will discuss about the communication system, baseband and bandpass signals, modulation and need of modulation. Mostly, we will discuss on the topic modulation.

Communication System:

Communication is simply basic process of exchanging information. The electronic equipment which are used for communication purpose are called communication equipment. The typical example of communication system are line telephoning, radio broadcasting, radio telephoning, point to point communication.

The Communication process:

Information source:

We know that a communication system servers to communicate a message or information. This information originate in the information source. In short the function of information required message which has to be transmitted.

Input transducer:

The input transducer convert the information to be transmitted to its electrical signals.

Transmitter:

The function of the transmitter is to process the electrical signal from different aspect.

Channel And Noise:

The term channel means the medium through which the message travel from the transmitter to the receiver. 2 Types of channel namely : point to point  And  broadcast.
Point to Point : Microwaves Links , Optical fibre , wirelines.
Broadcast : By Satellites.

Noise:

Noise is unwanted signals which tends to interface with the required signal.

Receiver:

The main function of receiver is to reproduce the message signal in electrical from the distorted received signal.

Output Transducer:

Output transducer covert electrical signal to a form message required by user.

Baseband Signal:

Ø  All source of information generate baseband signals.
Ø  Signals are transmitted without modulation.
Ø  It’s frequency start from zero.

Band Pass Signal:

Ø  Band Pass signal are generated by the modulators in transmitter.
Ø  Band Pass signals are transmitted after the modulation with carrier signal.
Ø  No limitations of bandwidth and frequency depends on the carrier frequency.

MODULATION:

In modulation process two signals are used namely the modulation signal and the carrier signal. The modulating signal is nothing but the baseband signal or information signal. While the carrier is the high frequency sinusoidal signal.
In the modulation process some parameters of the carrier is varied in accordance with the modulating signals.

NEED OF MODULATION:

Avoid mixing of signals:

If a base band sound signal are transmitted without modulation by different transmitter then all signals will occupy the same frequency range and therefore the receiver can not separate them for each other. Hence each sound signal is modulated using a different carrier and will occupy different slots in frequency domain.

Increase in range of communication:

As low frequency signals cannot travel along distance therefore after the modulation process the modulated high frequency signals can travel along distance and will increase the range of communication.

Reduction in height of antenna:

 For the transmission of radio signals, the antenna height must be multiple of λ/4 ,where λ is the wavelength . The antenna of this height is practically impossible to install . ... Thus, modulation reduces the height of the antenna .

 Conclusion:

Here we discussed about the communication system, modulation and need of modulation. mostly we covered the basic of analog communication system.

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TOP 8 ENGINEERING BOOKS JUNE 2020 IN INDIA

Top 8 Engineering Books June 2020 In India

INTRODUCTION

Here we will discuss about top 8 engineering books June 2020 in India. There are commonly used engineering books like Basic Electrical Engineering, Engineering mathematics, Digital Electronics etc.

1.    ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

This book “ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS” is written specially for the students of third semester of all branches .This book is written by Prof. H. K. Dass, and published S. CHAND .

2.    BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

The revised edition of this book has been written to meet the requirements of all branches. The book covers almost all the entire syllabus of basic electrical.

3.    NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

The book is written especially for the student of fourth semester of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING and ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING. This book is written by Er. S. K. Pandey and published by S. Chand.
Three features of this book:
Ø  Style used by author is same as lecture style.
Ø  The book is easy to read and stimulating in its direct personal approach.
Ø  The emphasis is on concepts as well as mathematical treatment.

4.     DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

This book is written by VIPAN ARORA. The contents of the book have been written keeping in view the basic requirements of students , the chapters have been well backed up with illustrated figures.  

5.    CONTROL SYSTEM

This book is written by A. ANAND KUMAR. He is principal, college of engineering, K. L. University, Vijayawada.

Key Features

Ø  Includes several fully worked out examples to help students master the concepts involved.

Ø  Provides short questions with answers at the end chapter to help students.  

6.    ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENTS

This book entitled “ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENTS” has been written according to the syllabus prescribed by the U.P. Technical University, Lucknow. The text of the book is spread over 10 chapters, each having a number of sections and sub-sections. This book is written by A. K. SAWHNEY.   

7.    MICROELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

 In this book we study about the basic Analog Circuits. This book specially written for the students of fourth semester of  and ELECTRONICS &COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING. 

8.    ADVANCED SURVEYING

 This book is written for the students of CIVIL ENGINEERING. This book is written by V. K. KUMAWAT.

CONCLUSION

In this we discussed about top 8 engineering books June 2020 in India. Mostly we covered the books for EN, EC & CE students. These books are very good and mostly syllabus is also covered.

>If you have any query regarding the books so write it down in the comment  section .